Abrantes, R. (2005) The Evolution of Canine Social Behaviour. Wakan Tanka Publishers, USA. Beerda, B., Schilder, M. B. H., Van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M., De Vries, H. W. and Mol, J. A. (1999) Chronic stress in dogs subjected to social and spatial restriction. I:...

Punishment increases stress. When a dog is stressed (like any animal or human) the ability to concentrate goes down and any learning will happen slower. Or, more likely the dog will learn wrong things! It will learn not to trust and to be afraid. Dogs are likely to...